With Diwali just gone by, a large part of the country is grappling with the problems that come with the annual dip in the air quality index (AQI) post the festive season. This dip in the air quality isn’t just detrimental to human health, but can also adversely impact flora and fauna. Even in the case of indoor plants, the effects of exposure to excessively polluted air are quite evident. In this article, we will familiarise you with the ways in which air pollutants can harm indoor plants and what you can do to minimise the effects.
See also: How to improve indoor air quality?
Effects of pollutants on indoor plants
Different pollutants impact plant health in different ways. Here are the telltale signs you can keep an eye out for to detect which pollutant might be causing a specific problem.
Carbon monoxide (CO)
More carbon monoxide in the air means less amount of oxygen, thereby inhibiting effective photosynthesis in plants. On exposure to high CO levels, plants tend to display yellowing leaves and slower growth. Prolonged exposure might even have lethal effects on plants.
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Nitrogen dioxide is the pollutant commonly found in vehicle emissions and certain appliances. It can significantly hamper the plant’s ability to carry out photosynthesis, thereby causing yellowing or browning leaves and stunted growth. Excessively high concentrations for a prolonged period might even cause tissue damage at a structural level.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Exposure to sulphur dioxide, even in small amounts, can prove highly detrimental to indoor plant health. On the more delicate plants, it creates brown spots on the leaves. Moreover, they hinder photosynthesis and respiration, leading to overall decline in the plants.
Particulate matter (PM)
When dust, smoke and other tiny particles settle on plant leaves, their accumulation over time can block sunlight and reduce photosynthesis. Layers of particulate matter can also clog the pores on the leaves that facilitate gas exchange, hindering the plant’s ability to breathe.
Ozone (O3)
Certain air purifiers and electronic devices are indoor sources of ozone and can be harmful to plants. Ozone exposure is a key agent in causing leaf discolouration, premature ageing and stunted growth. It can affect plant cells and eventually lead to visible damage such as leaf burns or necrosis.
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
VOCs are emissions caused by substances such as paints, varnishes, cleaning agents and specific furniture, that can prove toxic to indoor plants in higher concentrations. Symptoms like wilting, leaf drop and slowed growth are signs of high VOC levels in the indoor air.
Indoor mould and fungi spores
Indoor mould spores are common in damp environments, especially in naturally humid regions. They tend to compete with plants for nutrients and can weaken the plants by attacking their root systems or foliage.
Steps to protect plants from air pollution
If you notice any such signs on your indoor plants, it is important to take the required measures to mitigate them and ensure that they do not occur again. Here are some steps you can take:
Improve indoor air circulation
When the outdoor air quality is good, make sure to open windows and doors for a while to facilitate the circulation of fresh air and let out stale air. In moist areas like kitchens and bathrooms, install exhaust fans to remove pollutants produced by cooking, gas appliances and humidity, that might promote mould growth. Lastly, invest in air purifiers, preferably one with HEPA filters, to trap airborne particles, dust and allergens. Avoid the ones that generate ozone as it can harm the plant even further.
Reduce pollutant sources indoors
Many cleaning products commonly used in households release VOCs. Replacing such products with eco-friendly, plant-based alternatives helps reduce VOC emissions that harm both humans and plants. Products with added fragrances, such as air fresheners, candles and incense, also emit pollutants. Reducing the use of such products can limit the exposure of your plants to harmful compounds. It is also recommended to avoid smoking indoors, as it is not only a fire safety hazard, but the variety of harmful chemicals in tobacco smoke can cause immense stress and damage to plants over time.
Opt for plants that are natural filters
Plants like spider plants, snake plants, peace lilies, pothos and rubber plants are not only resilient to pollutants, but also have the ability to significantly absorb toxins from the air like formaldehyde, benzene and carbon monoxide. Incorporating these plants can help improve the air quality while admirably withstanding pollution. Additionally, placing the plants in a way that multiple plants are grouped together enhances their collective air-purifying effect, resulting in a healthier micro-environment for all the plants.
Regular leaf cleaning
Since dust and pollutants tend to settle on leaves and block the light, it is beneficial to clean the leaves gently with a damp cloth and allow them to absorb light and gases better for the photosynthesis process. If you use leaf-shining sprays or pesticides on your plants, check for any harmful chemicals that might cause damage. Instead, go for water or milder natural solutions.
Control humidity levels
Very dry or very humid conditions are often the key factors that allow indoor pollutants to thrive. Make sure to maintain moderate indoor humidity levels, preferably around 40 – 50%, to support plant health without facilitating mould growth. This can be achieved by humidifier or dehumidifier, as applicable to the humidity levels in your specific region.
Strategic placement of plants
Areas near gas stoves, fireplaces or other places that are frequently exposed to strong cleaning agents are not ideal for plant placement as they are some of the main sources of indoor pollution. Instead, consider placing them in some place that has ample access to natural light, ideally near windows. Adequate exposure to lights promotes robust plant health, making them more resilient to pollutants.
Introduce carbon filters
Carbon filters are highly effective natural purifying agents. Incorporate them in your home in the form of activated charcoal by planting them in the soil or placing them nearby to absorb excess VOC and odours. This measure is particularly helpful for closed rooms where pollutants tend to linger in the absence of proper ventilation.
Monitor outdoor pollution
Stay informed about the levels of outdoor pollution. If pollution levels are high outdoors, it is advisable to keep windows closed and rely on indoor ventilation as exposure to polluted air might do the plants more harm than good. Drafty windows tend to bring in pollutants from outside so it is recommended to keep your plants at a distance from them.
FAQs
How does air pollution impact indoor plant growth?
Air pollution adversely affects photosynthesis, respiration and nutrient uptake in plants. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone tend to damage the plant’s ability to absorb sunlight and produce energy.
What are the signs that air pollution is harming indoor plants?
Yellowing or browning leaves, wilting, leaf spots or burns, slow growth and leaf drop are some common signs. Plants might also start losing their vibrant colour and appear dull.
Which indoor plants are more resistant to air pollution?
Hardy options that are resistant to air pollution and can purify the air include spider plants, snake plants, pothos, peace lilies and rubber plants.
Can indoor plants help reduce air pollution inside my home?
Incorporating specific types of indoor plants into your space can significantly reduce VOC, carbon monoxide and formaldehyde levels in the indoor air.
What pollutants are most harmful to your indoor plants?
Carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, VOCs and particulate matter are harmful pollutants that can interfere with photosynthesis, cause leaf damage and stunt growth.
How can I protect my indoor plants from air pollution?
Ensure good indoor ventilation, use air purifiers with HEPA filters, reduce sources of VOCs and smoke, regularly clean the leaves and maintain moderate humidity levels.
Can poor outdoor air quality affect my indoor plants?
Outdoor pollution can infiltrate indoors and affect your plants. It is recommended to keep windows closed and use air purifiers during such times.
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