The Sagwan tree, or Tectona grandis, also known as teak, is widely harvested for its wood. The tree is an evergreen tree that is grown in tropical regions. The teak comes under the family Lamiaceae. This wood is widely used for boats, construction, veneer, furniture, etc. Here you will find out all the detailed information about the Sagwan tree.
Sagwan tree: Key facts
| Botanical name | Tectona grandis |
| Family | Lamiaceae |
| Common name | Teak |
| Plant type | tropical hardwood species |
| Native | Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Sri Lanka |
| Leaf type | ovate-elliptic to ovate, 15–45 cm in length |
| Flower characteristics | Fragrant white flowers with wide panicles |
| Varieties available | Burmese teak wood, Indian teak, Thailand teak, Indonesian teak, African teak, South American tree |
| Height | 30 metres to 40 metres |
| Season | Evergreen |
| Bloom time | July to August |
| Sun exposure | Direct sunlight |
| Ideal temperature | 20-48° C temperature |
| Soil type | Alluvial soil |
| Ideal location for placement | Moist and tropical regions |
| Maintenance | A good calcium level is required,
a temperature of 20-48° C is ideal |
| Fertilisation | N:P:K (15:15:15) at 50 gm per plant for up to three to four years |
see also about: teak-tree-maintenance-tips
Teak tree resilience to climate change
Sagwan (teak) trees exhibit moderate resilience to climate stress, making them a viable choice for long-term forestry in the face of climate change. Here’s how they respond to different environmental extremes:
- Drought tolerance: Mature teak trees have a deep root system that allows them to withstand short-to-moderate dry spells. However, prolonged drought conditions—especially during early growth stages—can significantly impact height and girth development. Supplemental watering during dry years is advisable for plantations under five years old.
- Monsoon performance: Teak thrives in regions with well-distributed rainfall between 1,000 mm and 2,000 mm annually. While it grows vigorously in monsoon, excessive waterlogging or heavy downpours may lead to root rot if the soil is poorly drained.
- Flood resilience: Teak is not naturally flood-tolerant. Prolonged water stagnation may damage root systems and cause fungal infections. Proper site grading and drainage planning are crucial in flood-prone zones.
- Pest dynamics under climate stress: Climate change, especially increased humidity and temperature swings, can intensify pest attacks—such as from the teak defoliator and skeletonizer. Integrating pest-resistant clones and maintaining canopy ventilation can mitigate such risks.
- Temperature adaptability: Teak can handle a wide temperature range from 20°C to 48°C, but extreme heat events may cause leaf scorch or reduce sapling survival. Shade nets or mulch are recommended in high-heat regions during the early growth phase.
With proper land management and adaptive cultivation practices, teak plantations can remain resilient and productive under evolving climatic conditions.
Sagwan tree: Characteristics
Sagwan tree Physical Characteristics
- Height: Sagwan trees typically grow to heights of 30 to 40 meters (approximately 100 to 130 feet), with some individuals reaching up to 50 meters (about 164 feet). This makes them one of the tallest hardwood trees in tropical regions.
- Trunk: The trunk of the Sagwan tree is straight and cylindrical, often with a diameter ranging from 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6.5 feet). The bark is thick, rough, and grayish-brown in color, providing protection against pests and diseases.
- Leaves: The leaves are large, ovate, and glossy green, measuring about 20 to 40 cm (8 to 16 inches) in length. They are arranged in an opposite pattern on the branches, providing a lush canopy with ample shade.
- Flowers: Sagwan trees produce small, fragrant, white or yellow flowers that grow in clusters. These flowers bloom between March and April, attracting pollinators, including bees and butterflies.
- Fruit: The fruit of the Sagwan tree is a woody drupe that contains one or two seeds. These fruits are typically oval-shaped and turn brown when mature, falling to the ground to facilitate natural propagation.
Sagwan wood characteristics
- Quality: The wood of the Sagwan tree is highly valued for its durability, resistance to decay, and attractive grain patterns. It is known for its golden-brown to dark-brown colour and is often used in high-quality furniture, cabinetry, and flooring.
- Density: Sagwan wood is dense and heavy, with a specific gravity of 0.6 to 0.9. This density contributes to its strength and durability, making it suitable for outdoor use.
Workability: The wood is relatively easy to work with using both hand and power tools. It can be polished to a high sheen, takes stains, and finishes nicely, enhancing its aesthetic appeal.
Source: Pinterest
See also: Mahogany tree: How to take care of it and use it the right way?
Sagwan tree: How to grow it?
Sagwan trees can be grown in various locations, but there are some standards you can follow for better growth.
- Teak trees can grow in moist weather in tropical regions. So, when you are ready to grow a Sagwan tree, you can choose the right place. Keep in mind that sunlight is also required for good growth.
- Always level the soil to get well-drained soil.
- You can use 12 to 15 months of saplings for planting.
- You can use a transplant method to plant the sapling. Use 2 m x 2 m or 2.5 m x 2.5 m between every sapling.
- You can use N:P: K (15:15:15) at 50 gm per plant for up to three to four years to get better growth of the tree.
- A weeding operation to get rid of weeds.
Source: Pinterest
Seed vs clonal propagation in Sagwan trees
Sagwan (teak) trees can be propagated by seeds, clones, or tissue culture—each with distinct implications:
- Seeds: Low cost and easily available but result in genetic variation, leading to inconsistent wood quality and growth rates.
- Clonal propagation: Offers uniformity in timber, faster maturity, and better pest resistance. Ideal for commercial plantations. Slightly more expensive; available at certified nurseries.
- Tissue culture: Advanced method with high survival rates and disease-free stock, but costly and less widely accessible.
For better yield and quality, farmers are increasingly choosing clonal or tissue culture saplings despite higher initial costs.
Growth time and harvesting
Sagwan trees, commonly known as teak (Tectona grandis), are renowned for their valuable hardwood. Here’s information addressing your questions:
1. How long does it take for a Sagwan tree to mature?
The maturity period for Sagwan trees varies based on environmental conditions and management practices. In regions like India and Indonesia, traditional rotations span 60 to 80 years to produce high-quality timber. Conversely, in countries such as Panama, rotations of about 14 to 15 years are practised, though this yields lower-quality wood. A rotation period between 25 and 35 years is often recommended for optimal economic yield, as growth rates tend to decline after this age.
2. When is the ideal time to harvest teak for maximum durability and value?
To achieve maximum durability and value, teak is ideally harvested between 25 and 35 years of age. During this period, the wood attains desirable characteristics such as density, strength, and resistance to decay. Harvesting beyond 35 years may not significantly enhance these properties and can lead to reduced economic returns due to slower growth rates.
3. Does pruning improve growth rate and wood quality?
Yes, pruning benefits both the growth rate and wood quality of Sagwan trees. Regular pruning helps develop a straight, knot-free trunk by removing lower branches, which in turn enhances the aesthetic and structural quality of the timber. Additionally, pruning reduces competition for nutrients, allowing the tree to allocate more resources to height and diameter growth, thereby improving overall yield.
Sagwan tree: Maintenance tips
Sagwan tree or teak does not require much time to take care of. But if you are trying to grow the tree in a completely new environment, then some things must be kept in mind. Here are some maintenance tips you should know.
- Usually, teak requires humid and tropical weather to grow. It can also tolerate higher temperature levels too. If you want to grow teak in a high rainfall zone, the growth will be the highest.
- Alluvial soil is the main soil that can grow good teak trees. Soil should be well drained, too.
- The pH of the soil for the Sagwan tree should be between 6.5 to 7.5.
- The presence of higher calcium is good for Sagwan tree growth.
Source: Pinterest
Sagwan tree: Pest and disease control
Sagwan trees are susceptible to various pests and diseases that can affect their health and timber quality.
Common pests and diseases
- Teak defoliator (Hyblaea puera): This insect feeds on teak leaves, leading to significant defoliation and reduced growth.
- Teak leaf skeletonizer (Eutectona machaeralis): Larvae consume the leaf tissue, leaving behind a skeleton of veins, which diminishes photosynthetic capacity.
- Leaf spot diseases: Caused by various fungal and bacterial pathogens, these diseases manifest as brown to greyish-brown spots on leaves, potentially leading to defoliation.
Natural and chemical solutions
- Biological control: Introducing natural predators, such as specific egg parasitoids like Trichogramma ratio, can help manage populations of pests like the teak defoliator and leaf skeletoniser.
- Chemical control: Insecticides such as spinosad and ivermectin have been effective against teak pests. For instance, spinosad has shown high toxicity against larvae of major insect defoliators.
Preventing fungal infections in high-humidity areas
- Proper spacing: Ensure adequate spacing between trees to promote air circulation, reducing moisture accumulation on foliage.
- Pruning: Regularly remove infected or dead branches and leaves to prevent the spread of fungal pathogens.
- Soil management: Maintain well-drained soil conditions to prevent root rot and other moisture-related diseases.
- Fungicidal applications: In areas prone to high humidity, applying appropriate fungicides can help protect against fungal infections.
Sagwan tree: Uses and benefits
Sagwan or the Tectona grandis has a few benefits you should know before you plant it. Here are some of the most known benefits and uses of Sagwan trees.
see also about Planting seeds: How to plant seed outdoors and indoors
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Durable furniture
Sagwan tree or teak is good for durable furniture. All kinds of outdoor wooden furniture can be easily manufactured from teak wood.
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Flooring
The Sagwan tree is good for creating suitable flooring, and it will not decay for a long time. It is entirely resistant to fungi and parasites.
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Boats and ships
Sagwan trees can be easily used for boats and ship parts because they can run for a long time in the water.
Medical benefits of sagwan tree
- Skin Conditions: The oil extracted from Sagwan wood has been used to treat skin diseases and soothe rashes. It’s believed to have anti-inflammatory properties.
- Digestive Issues: Sagwan leaves and bark have alleviated digestive problems like diarrhoea and dysentery.
- Headaches and Migraines: Some traditional practices suggest that Sagwan oil can be applied to the forehead to relieve headaches and migraines.
- Respiratory Problems: Sagwan flowers are sometimes used to treat bronchitis and asthma.
- Wound Healing: The leaves of the Sagwan tree can be crushed and applied to cuts and wounds to help stop bleeding and promote healing.
Growing Sagwan trees for sustainable timber production
Growing Sagwan trees for timber production is highly profitable and environmentally friendly investment. However, it requires time, patience, dedication and care to yield the desired results.
Government subsidies and schemes for Sagwan cultivation
To promote sustainable forestry and increase farmers’ income, both central and state governments in India offer various subsidies and schemes that support Sagwan (teak) tree plantation.
- Agroforestry schemes under National Agroforestry Policy:
The Indian government encourages tree-based farming through its agroforestry mission. Farmers who grow teak trees alongside crops can avail of benefits such as subsidised seedlings, technical training, and soil enhancement support. - NABARD assistance:
The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) offers long-term loans and refinance schemes for teak plantations under its “Farm Forestry” and “Tree-Based Farming” programs. These may include 30–50% subsidy components depending on state and project guidelines. - Forest Development Corporation schemes (state-specific):
Many states, including Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, run Forest Development Corporations (FDCs) that offer Sagwan saplings at subsidised rates and provide support in site selection, planting, and maintenance. Some also operate teak-based lease farming models. - MGNREGA-linked afforestation (for marginal landowners):
Under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), afforestation activities including Sagwan planting may be eligible for funding on degraded or fallow land, improving both employment and green cover. - Carbon credit and CAMPA support:
Sagwan plantations can potentially be registered under carbon credit programs. Additionally, in select states, funds from Compensatory Afforestation Management and Planning Authority (CAMPA) are being directed toward private agroforestry and reforestation programs.
Before availing any of these schemes, farmers should consult their local forest department, agriculture officer, or cooperative society to understand eligibility and the application process. Proper documentation—like land ownership papers and a planting plan—is typically required.
Importance of Sagwan tree conservation
Growing this commercially successful tree can help you attain the following objectives:
Soil fertility
Prevent of soil erosion
Improvement in water quality
Economic benefits
Biodiversity conservation
Economic value of sagwan wood in India
Sagwan wood, also known as teak (Tectona grandis), is highly valued for its durability, strength, and aesthetic appeal. It plays a significant role in India’s economy, particularly in the timber and furniture industries. Here are key aspects of its economic value:
1. Market demand and pricing
Sagwan wood is in high demand domestically and internationally due to its superior qualities. It is one of the most expensive hardwoods available in the market. Prices vary based on quality, size, and availability, but they generally range from ₹1,500 to ₹3,000 per cubic foot, making it a lucrative option for farmers and investors in forestry. The increasing demand for luxury furniture, flooring, and decorative items has further driven its market value.
2. Contribution to employment
The sagwan wood industry contributes significantly to employment in India. It provides jobs in various sectors, including logging, processing, and manufacturing. Skilled artisans and craftsmen engaged in creating high-quality furniture and handicrafts from sagwan wood play a crucial role in preserving traditional craftsmanship while contributing to the economy.
3. Export potential
India exports a considerable amount of sagwan wood, especially to countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. The export market adds substantial foreign exchange to the Indian economy. The increasing global demand for sustainable and responsibly sourced timber has positioned India as a competitive player in the international market.
4. Sustainability and agroforestry
Sagwan trees are often grown in agroforestry systems, allowing farmers to cultivate crops alongside timber production. This practice enhances soil health and biodiversity and provides farmers with additional income streams. Sustainable management practices, including selective logging and replanting, are essential for maintaining the long-term viability of sagwan wood production.
5. Cultural and traditional significance
Sagwan wood has cultural significance in India, often used in religious and ceremonial structures. Its use in traditional craftsmanship, such as in temples and palaces, underscores its value beyond just economic aspects. The preservation of these practices contributes to the cultural heritage of the region while supporting local economies.
Discovering the versatility of Sagwan wood
The Sagwan wood is highly versatile and can be used to make furniture, flooring, in construction, for boat building, to build musical instruments, carvings and doors and windows.
Maximising profits with Sagwan tree farming
- Use market research to understand the demand and the prices to make informed decisions about sale and pricing.
- Grow other crops with Sagwan to have an provide additional income while waiting for the trees to mature.
- Value-added products can be made from the Sagwan timber to increase the value of the timber and provide additional income.
- Plant new trees to replace the harvested ones to maintain the ecological balance of the plantation to ensure long-term profitability.
Are Sagwan trees toxic?
No, Sagwan trees are not toxic at all. They have various medicinal benefits too.
FAQs
What is the family of the Sagwan tree?
The family of the Sagwan tree is Lamiaceae.
How many types of teak or Sagwan tree are there?
A few varieties of teak or sagwan tree like Malabar teak, South American teak, Central American teak, West African teak, godabori teak, konni teak, etc., exist.
What is the scientific name of the Sagwan tree?
The scientific name of the Sagwan tree is Tectona grandis. It is widely known for its high-quality timber and ecological benefits.
What are the primary uses of Sagwan wood?
Sagwan wood is primarily used for making high-quality furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and boat building due to its durability, resistance to decay, and attractive grain patterns.
How tall can Sagwan trees grow?
Sagwan trees can grow to heights of 30 to 50 meters (approximately 100 to 164 feet), making them one of the tallest hardwood trees in tropical regions.
What are the environmental benefits of planting Sagwan trees?
Sagwan trees provide several environmental benefits, including habitat for wildlife, improved soil quality, prevention of soil erosion, and carbon sequestration, which helps mitigate climate change.
In what type of climate do Sagwan trees thrive?
Sagwan trees thrive in tropical climates with warm temperatures and a distinct dry season. They prefer well-drained soils and require full sunlight for optimal growth.
