Apples (Malus domestica) are a popular fruit worldwide. With more than 7,500 discovered varieties, ranging in size, shape, colour and flavour, apples are grown in various climates, from warm to cool temperate regions.
See also: Kiwi fruit tree: How to grow and take care
Apple trees: Key facts
| Botanical name | Malus domestica |
| Type | Deciduous |
| Leaf type | Simple, alternate leaves that are oval or oblong |
| Flower | Typically white or pink flowers with five petals |
| Varieties available | Over 100 |
| Also known as | Sometimes referred to by the name of the variety, such as Red Delicious or Granny Smith |
| Height | 20-30 feet, with some varieties reaching up to 40 feet |
| Season | Apple trees generally grow and produce fruit during the warmer months of the year |
| Sun exposure | 6-8 hours of direct sunlight per day |
| Ideal temperature | 45-75 degrees Fahrenheit |
| Soil type | Well-draining soil, rich in organic matter |
| Soil pH | between 6.0-7.0 |
| Basic requirements | Full sun to grow and produce fruit, need adequate amounts of water and regular fertilisation |
| Ideal location | Apple trees can grow to be quite large so it is important to choose a location that has access to water and plenty of sunlight |
| Ideal season | Fall or early spring |
| Maintenance | They are not necessarily high maintenance |
Apple trees: Physical description
Apple trees are deciduous trees that grow to an average height of 20-40 feet. The trunk and branches are covered with smooth, grey or brown, bark. The leaves are simple, alternate and oval or oblong with a serrated edge and a pointed tip. The 2-4-inch-long dark green leaves have a smooth, glossy appearance. Apple trees produce white or pink, five-petaled fragrant, showy flowers in the spring, which are pollinated by bees. Pollinated flowers develop into apples and are harvested in the fall. The fruit can be round or oblong with red, green, yellow or a combination skin.
How to grow and care for your apple tree?
Location: Pick a spot that gets at least six hours of direct sunlight a day and has good drainage.
Variety: There are many varieties of apples, each with unique characteristics. Choose a variety that is suitable for your climate. The variety must be picked keeping in mind the final use of the crop.
Planting: During fall or early spring, dig a hole twice as wide as the root ball. Make sure the graft union (where the tree was grafted onto the rootstock) is above the soil line.
Watering: Newly planted trees need to be watered regularly, especially during dry spells. Water deeply but don’t overwater as apple trees are averse to waterlogged soil.
Fertilising: Apply a balanced fertiliser in the spring and the fall.
Pruning: Prune your plant in late winter or early spring before the tree starts to grow.
Harvesting: Apples are usually ready to harvest in the fall.
Pests and diseases: Apple trees are susceptible to pests and diseases, such as apple scabs, apple maggots and fire blight. It is important to monitor your apple tree and take appropriate control measures. Use natural remedies or pesticides when necessary.
Apple: Uses and benefits
Food: The primary use of apple trees is for their fruit, a popular ingredient in many dishes and products. Apples are rich in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants and are often eaten fresh, cooked or baked. Apples can make cider, vinegar and other products.
Ornamental: Apple trees are often grown for their attractive appearance and can be used to add visual interest and beauty to a landscape. Apple trees have showy, fragrant flowers in the spring and colourful foliage in the fall. They can provide shade and a natural screen when planted in the correct location.
Medicine: Apple trees have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries. Apples have been used to treat various ailments, including indigestion, diarrhoea and constipation.
Timber: Apple tree wood can be used for a variety of purposes, including furniture, flooring and decorative items. Applewood is prized for its durability, strength and attractive grain and is often used in woodwork and other applications.
Animal feed: Apple trees can produce a large quantity of fruit. The excess fruit or culled fruit can feed animals, such as cows and goats.
Apple toxicity
Even though apples are considered safe and non-toxic for humans and animals, there are some potential concerns. Its seeds, for instance, contain a small amount of cyanide, which can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. Apple leaves, stems and seeds contain small amounts of amygdalin, which can be broken down into hydrogen cyanide when chewed or digested. This can be a concern for livestock that graze on apple trees or consume fallen apples. Also, pesticides are sometimes used on apple trees to control pests and diseases. Always wash apples thoroughly before consuming them to remove any residue.
FAQs
When is the best time to plant an apple tree?
The best time to plant an apple tree is in the fall or early spring.
Do apple trees need to be pollinated by another tree?
Most apple trees require cross-pollination with another apple tree of a different variety to produce fruit. Only some varieties can produce fruit on their own.
How long does it take for an apple tree to produce fruit?
Typically, it may take 3-5 years for an apple tree to produce fruit.
How often do apple trees need to be watered?
Apple trees need to be watered regularly, especially during the dry season. Water deeply at least once a week.
When should an apple tree be pruned?
Prune apple trees in late winter or early spring before the tree starts to grow.
How to prune an apple tree?
Remove all dead, diseased or damaged wood. Thin out any branches that are crossing or growing towards the centre of the tree.
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